Industrial fuel oil powers a vital purpose in many sectors of our economy. This processed petroleum product is widely used to produce power for industrial activities, ranging from manufacturing and construction to agriculture and energy production. The attributes of industrial fuel oil permit it a suitable choice for these demanding applications.

Sputtering is a prominent technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, namely, has emerged as a leading method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with precise thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, ejecting atoms that then deposit o